‘Adrugisnotadrug’because,whenadministeredtoahumanbeing,inthegeneralcase,itcontains:●Activecompoundatadosewithinalimitedrange,sometimesasaracemicmixture.●Manufacturingimpurities.●Oneormoreexcipients.●Degradantsoftheactivecompound.●Degradantsoftheimpurities...[继续阅读]

    Thepresentthemeissue,whichhighlightsthepharmaceuticalperspectiveonpolymorphism,followsanearlierthemeissueon“CharacterizationoftheSolidState”,whichhighlightsthefundamentalaspectsofthisphenomenon.Currentresearchareasofgreatestfundamentalinterestare:(a)deter...[继续阅读]

    Pharmaceuticsisamultidisciplinaryappliedscienceconcernedwithdeliveringandmaintainingappropriatedrugconcentrationsattargetsitesinthebodyforappropriatetimes,thusalleviatingdiseasebyoptimizingdrugeffectsovertime.Itincludesdrugproducttechnology,biopharmaceuti...[继续阅读]

    Recentadvancesinpulmonarydrugdelivery,stimulatedbythe“phase-out”ofchlorofluorocarbon(CFC)propellantsinpressurizedinhalerstogetherwiththedesiretousethelungsasaportaltothesystemiccirculation,haveresultedinsignificantinterestinthistechnology.Theresearchiscon...[继续阅读]

    Aabsolutebioavailability绝对生物利用度absorbance吸收率adhesive带粘性的,胶粘;粘合剂aerosol浮质(气体中的悬浮微粒,如烟、雾等);[化]气溶胶,气雾剂,烟雾剂amorphous无定形的,无组织的amphiphilicagent两亲剂ampule一次用量的针剂;安瓿(=ampoule)antifoa...[继续阅读]

    Proteinsaretheagentsofbiologicalfunction.Virtuallyeverycellularactivityisdependentononeormoreparticularproteins.Thus,aconvenientwaytoclassifytheenormousnumberofproteinsisbythebiologicalrolestheyfill.EnzymesByfarthelargestclassofproteinsisenzymes.Morethan3...[继续阅读]

    First,biochemistryisanintrinsicallybeautifulandfascinatingbodyofknowledge.Wenowknowtheessenceandmanyofthedetailsofthemostfundamentalprocessesinbiochemistry,suchashowasinglemoleculeofDNAreplicatestogeneratetwoidenticalcopiesofitselfandhowthesequenceofbases...[继续阅读]

    GenesCodeforParticularProteinsThefirstscientisttoinvestigatethequestionofhowgenesaffectphenotypewasSirArchibaldGarrod,whosestudiesofalkaponuriaimpliedarelationshipbetweengenesandenzymes.ThirtyyearslaterBeadleandEphrussishowedarelationshipbetweenparticular...[继续阅读]

    Oneimportantapplicationofgenomicsisthediscoveryofthelevelsofallthegenesinanorganismatanyonetime,usingDNAchipsorsimilartoolsthatmeasurelevelsofmRNAs.Thiskindoffunctionalgenomicsstrategyusuallyfocusesonthegenetranscriptsinacellatagiventime.Ifweweretoconside...[继续阅读]

    DespitecontinuingpovertyinmanypartsoftheworldandthedevastatingeffectsofHIVandAIDSinfectionontheAfricancontinentandelsewhere,thehealthoftheworld’spopulationisprogressivelyimproving.Thisisreflectedintheincreaseinlifeexpectancythathasbeenrecordedforthegreatm...[继续阅读]