1.1 Hydrological modeling

    Thepresenceofhydrologicalmodelsismotivatedbypracticalengineeringproblems.Hydrologicalmodelingiscreatedtounderstandtherelationshipbetweenrainfallandrunoffinthelate19thcenturyaimingtosolveengineeringproblemslikeurbansewerdesign,drainagesystemsdesign,andspil......查看详细>>

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1.2 Problems in hydrological modeling

    1.2.1CalibrationanduncertaintyMosthydrologicalmodels,even“physical-based”distributedhydrologicalmodel,containparametersthatcannotbedirectlyinterpretedandmeasuredinthefield.Instead,theymustbecalibratedbycomparedproducedhydrographtohistoricalrecords,untilth......查看详细>>

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1.3 Application field of hydrological model

    1.3.1FloodsimulationandforecastingAnimportantapplicationofhydrologicalmodelistheuseofmodelstransformingmeteorologicalprecipitationforecastsintoriverfloodforecasts.Theapplicationofwatershedmodelsrequirestheefficientmanagementoflargespatialandtemporaldatase......查看详细>>

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2.1 Hydrological analysis

    Logically,catchment,rivernetwork,andcorrespondingattributesarethemainelementsweshouldobtainbeforewecansetupahydrologicalmodel.TheflowchartofhydrologicanalysiscanbeshowninFigure2-1.Indistributedhydrologicalmodeling,thefirstthingishydrologicalanalysisthatis......查看详细>>

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2.2 Rainfall-runoff process

    2.2.1RunoffgenerationIndistributedhydrologicalmodeling,theverticalcolumnisusuallystratifiedintofourlayers:vegetationcanopy,surfacelayer,soillayer,andgroundwateraquifer(Figure2-6).Precipitationgoesfirstthroughvegetationcanopywherecanopyinterceptionoccurs,a......查看详细>>

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2.3 Data preparation

    TheDEMdataforthehydrologicanalysiscanbeobtainedfromtheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurveyHYDRO1K(website:http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/hydro/)intheresolutionofa1km×1kmgrid.DEMandthehydrologicalanalysismodule,includessinkfilling,flowdirectiongeneration,rivernet......查看详细>>

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3.1 Sensitivity analysis

    Withthefastdevelopmentofhydrologicalmodel,themodelcomplexityhasbeenincreased.Comparedtoconceptuallumpedmodel,distributedhydrologicalmodelrequireshighercomputationalcapability.Meanwhile,overparameterization(Beven,1989),hypernonlinearparameterspacecancausee......查看详细>>

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3.2 Global optimization

    3.2.1Multi-objective(MO)problemAmulti-objectiveproblemcanbedescribedastoseekforanidealsetofparameterthatisabletominimizeormaximizetheobjectivevector.Theformulaoftheobjectivefunctioncanbedescribedasfollows:wherexistheinputdecisionvariablevector;yistheobjec......查看详细>>

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3.3 Parallelization of optimization algorithm

    Considerableprogressintheenhancementofdistributedcomputersystem(takingadvantageofmultiplenodessuchasclustersandservers)hasmadeitpossibletosolvehigh-dimensionalcomputationalprocesses(BeareandStevens,1997).however,thecostofequipment(clusters),maintenanceand......查看详细>>

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4.1 Why a GIS based modeling system is needed

    Amodelingsystemcanprovidefunctionswithdataacquisition,processinginputs,manipulation,reportinganddisplayofmodelingresultsandinformationstorage.ThesefunctionscanberealizedbyintegratinghydrologicalmodelsandGISsystems.GISsystemhasthecapabilitytomanagelargevol......查看详细>>

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